Code Structure

I tried to make the code of the compiler and vlib as simple and readable as possible. One of V's goals is to be open to developers with different levels of experience in compiler development. Compilers don't need to be black boxes full of magic that only few people understand.

The V compiler is modular, and can be used by other applications. It is located in cmd/v/ and vlib/v/.

The most important and useful command to remember when working on the V compiler is v self. It rebuilds the V compiler.

Be careful, if you introduce a breaking change and rebuild V, you will no longer be able to use V to build itself. So it's a good idea to make a backup copy of a working compiler executable.

But don't worry, you can always simply run make (or make.bat), it will download the C version of the compiler and rebuild it from scratch.

The architecture of the compiler is very simple and has three distinct steps:

Parse/generate AST (v.parser) => Check types (v.checker) => Generate C/JavaScript/machine code (v.gen)

The main files are:

1. cmd/v/v.v The entry point.

   • V figures out the build mode.
   • Constructs the compiler object (struct V).
   • Creates a list of .v files that need to be parsed.
   • Creates a parser object for each file and runs parse() on them.
   • The correct backend is called (C, JS, native), and a binary is compiled.

2. vlib/v/scanner The scanner's job is to parse a list of characters and convert them to tokens.

3. vlib/v/token This is simply a list of all tokens, their string values, and a couple of helper functions.

4. vlib/v/parser The parser. It converts a list of tokens into an AST. In V, objects can be used before declaration, so unknown types are marked as unresolved. They are resolved later in the type checker.

5. vlib/v/table V creates one table object that is shared by all parsers. It contains all types, consts, and functions, as well as several helpers to search for objects by name, register new objects, modify types' fields, etc.

6. vlib/v/checker Type checker and resolver. It processes the AST and makes sure the types are correct. Unresolved types are resolved, type information is added to the AST.

7. vlib/v/gen/c C backend. It simply walks the AST and generates C code that can be compiled with Clang, GCC, Visual Studio, and TCC.

8. vlib/v/gen/js JavaScript backend. It simply walks the AST and generates JS code that can be executed on the browser or in NodeJS/Deno.

9. vlib/v/gen/c/json.v defines the json code generation. This file will be removed once V supports comptime code generation, and it will be possible to do this using the language's tools.

10. vlib/v/gen/native is the directory with all the machine code generation logic. It defines a set of functions that translate assembly instructions to machine code and build the binary from scratch byte by byte. It manually builds all headers, segments, sections, symtable, relocations, etc. Right now it only has basic support of the native platform (ELF, MACHO format).

The rest of the directories are vlib modules: builtin/ (strings, arrays, maps), time/, os/, etc. Their documentation is pretty clear.

Example Workflow for Contributing

(provided by @spytheman)

(If you don't already have a GitHub account, please create one. Your GitHub username will be referred to later as 'YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME'. Change it accordingly in the steps below.)

1. Fork https://github.com/vlang/v using GitHub's interface to your own account. Let's say that the forked repository is at https://github.com/YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME/v .

2. Clone the main v repository https://github.com/vlang/v to a local folder on your computer, say named nv/ (git clone https://github.com/vlang/v nv)

3. cd nv
   3.1 (optional) Run these commands, which ensure that all your code will be automatically formatted, before commiting:

   cp cmd/tools/git_pre_commit_hook.vsh .git/hooks/pre-commit
   chmod 755 .git/hooks/pre-commit
   

4. git remote add pullrequest https://github.com/YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME/v

   Note: The remote named pullrequest should point to YOUR own forked repo, not the main v repository! After this, your local cloned repository is prepared for making pull requests, and you can just do normal git operations such as: git pull git status and so on.

5. When finished with a feature/bugfix/change, you can: git checkout -b fix_alabala

   • Don't forget to keep formatting standards, run v fmt -w YOUR_MODIFIED_FILES before committing (if you have not run the commands from 3.1)

6. git push pullrequest Note: The pullrequest remote was setup on step 4

7. On GitHub's web interface, go to: https://github.com/vlang/v/pulls

   Here the UI shows a dialog with a button to make a new pull request based on the new pushed branch. (Example dialog: https://url4e.com/gyazo/images/364edc04.png)

8. After making your pull request (aka, PR), you can continue to work on the branch fix_alabala ... just do again git push pullrequest when you have more commits.

9. If there are merge conflicts, or a branch lags too much behind V's master, you can do the following:

   1. git pull --rebase origin master # solve conflicts and do git rebase --continue
   2. git push pullrequest -f # this will overwrite your current remote branch with the updated version of your changes.

The point of doing the above steps, is to never directly push to the main V repository, only to your own fork. Since your local master branch tracks the main V repository's master, then git checkout master, as well as git pull --rebase origin master will continue to work as expected (these are actually used by v up) and git can always do it cleanly.

Git is very flexible, so there are other ways to accomplish the same thing. See the GitHub flow, for more information.

Finding issues to contribute to

If you're willing to contribute to V but don't know which issue to resolve

• you can go to Issues tab in this repository. There you can see things logged by both users and developers that need to be discussed and/or resolved.

It's recommended to filter issues by likes and labels to find an issue you are interested in.

Filtering by likes (recommended)

Filtering by likes helps you identify high-impact issues. More likes mean more community interest.

To apply this filter, navigate to Issues tab, then paste the following in the "Filter" field:

is:open is:issue sort:reactions-+1-desc

This filter will return all open issues sorted by likes in descending order.

Filtering by labels

The V repo has various labels to help navigate the extensive list of issues and help you find issues you're both interested in and capable of resolving. You can examine the list of labels here.

The most common labels are:

By issue type:

• Bug
• Feature Request

By OS:

• OS: Linux
• OS: Windows
• OS: Mac

By status:

• Status: Confirmed

To apply this filter, navigate to Issues tab, then paste the following in the "Filter" field:

is:open is:issue label:Bug label:"OS: Windows" label:"Status: Confirmed" 

This filter will return all open issues with the labels Bug, OS: Windows, and Status: Confirmed.

Using Github's hub CLI tool

You can download the hub tool from https://hub.github.com/ . Using hub, you will not need to go through the (sometimes) slow website to make PRs. Most remote operations can be done through the hub CLI command.

Note You still need to have a GitHub account.

Preparation:

(steps 1..3 need to be done just once):

1. hub clone vlang/v my_v

2. cd my_v 2.1 (optional) Run these commands, which ensure that all your code will be automatically formatted, before commiting:

   cp cmd/tools/git_pre_commit_hook.vsh .git/hooks/pre-commit
   chmod 755 .git/hooks/pre-commit
   

3. hub fork --remote-name pullrequest

4. git checkout -b my_cool_feature # Step 4 is better done once per each new feature/bugfix that you make.

Improve V by making commits:

5. git commit -am "math: add a new function copysign"

Testing your commits locally:

You can test locally whether your changes have not broken something by running: v test-all. See TESTS.md for more details.

Publishing your commits to GitHub:

6. git push pullrequest

Making a PR with hub:

(so that your changes can be merged to the main V repository)

7. hub pull-request

Optionally, you can track the status of your PR CI tests with:

8. hub ci-status --verbose

Fixing failing tests:

If everything is OK, after 5-10 minutes, the CI tests should pass for all platforms. If not, visit the URLs for the failing CI jobs, see which tests have failed and then fix them by making more changes. Just use git push pullrequest to publish your changes. The CI tests will run with your updated code. Use hub ci-status --verbose to monitor their status.

Compiler flags, useful while debugging the compiler itself:

V allows you to pass custom flags using -d my_flag that can then be checked at compile time (see the documentation about compile-time if).

Since the compiler is also an ordinary V program, there are numerous flags that can be passed when building the compiler itself with v self, or when creating a copy of the compiler, that will help you when debugging the compiler.

Note: beware that the flags below must be passed, when building the compiler, not the program, so do for example: ./v -o w -d time_parsing cmd/v or ./v -o w -d trace_checker self ... then use ./w file.v, instead of ./v file.v, to compile your program.

Note: some of the flags can make the compiler very verbose, so it is recommended to create a copy of the compiler rather than replacing it with v self.

Flag	Usage
debugscanner	Prints debug information during the scanning phase
debug_codegen	Prints automatically generated V code during the scanning phase
debug_interface_table	Prints generated interfaces during C generation
debug_interface_type_implements	Prints debug information when checking that a type implements in interface
print_vweb_template_expansions	Prints vweb compiled HTML files
time_checking	Prints the time spent checking files and other related information
time_parsing	Prints the time spent parsing files and other related information
trace_parser	Prints details about parsed statements and expressions. Very verbose. Use it for panics in the parser.
trace_ccoptions	Prints options passed down to the C compiler
trace_checker	Prints details about the statements being checked. Very verbose. Use it for panics in the checker.
trace_gen	Prints all the strings written to the generated C file. Very verbose.
trace_cgen_stmt	Prints details about the statements that are being processed by cgen.
	Use it for panics in cgen, to see the closest input V source line, that caused the panic.
	Note: you need v -no-parallel -d trace_cgen_stmt -o w cmd/v to make sense of the output of that,
	otherwise by default cgen uses several threads, and the lines that are printed are out of order.
trace_autofree	Prints details about how/when -autofree puts free() calls
trace_autostr	Prints details about .str() method auto-generated by the compiler during C generation
trace_thirdparty_obj_files	Prints details about built thirdparty obj files
trace_usecache	Prints details when -usecache is used
trace_embed_file	Prints details when $embed_file is used
embed_only_metadata	Embed only the metadata for the file(s) with $embed_file('somefile'); faster; for development, not distribution