// test suite for bits and bits math functions module bits fn test_leading_zeros() { mut i := 0 // 8 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 8 { assert leading_zeros_8(u8(u8(i) << x)) == 7 - x } assert leading_zeros_8(0) == 8 // 16 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 16 { assert leading_zeros_16(u16(i) << x) == 15 - x } assert leading_zeros_16(0) == 16 // 32 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 32 { assert leading_zeros_32(u32(i) << x) == 31 - x } assert leading_zeros_32(0) == 32 // 64 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 64 { assert leading_zeros_64(u64(i) << x) == 63 - x } assert leading_zeros_64(0) == 64 } fn test_trailing_zeros() { mut i := 0 // 8 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 8 { assert trailing_zeros_8(u8(u8(i) << x)) == x } assert trailing_zeros_8(0) == 8 // 16 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 16 { assert trailing_zeros_16(u16(i) << x) == x } assert trailing_zeros_16(0) == 16 // 32 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 32 { assert trailing_zeros_32(u32(i) << x) == x } assert trailing_zeros_32(0) == 32 // 64 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 64 { assert trailing_zeros_64(u64(i) << x) == x } assert trailing_zeros_64(0) == 64 } fn test_ones_count() { mut i := 0 mut i1 := u64(0) // 8 bit i = 0 for x in 0 .. 9 { assert ones_count_8(u8(i)) == x i = int(u32(i) << 1) + 1 } assert ones_count_8(0) == 0 assert ones_count_8(0xFF) == 8 // 16 bit i = 0 for x in 0 .. 17 { assert ones_count_16(u16(i)) == x i = int(u32(i) << 1) + 1 } assert ones_count_16(0) == 0 assert ones_count_16(0xFFFF) == 16 // 32 bit i = 0 for x in 0 .. 33 { assert ones_count_32(u32(i)) == x i = int(u32(i) << 1) + 1 } assert ones_count_32(0) == 0 assert ones_count_32(0xFFFF_FFFF) == 32 // 64 bit i1 = 0 for x in 0 .. 65 { assert ones_count_64(i1) == x i1 = (i1 << 1) + 1 } assert ones_count_64(0) == 0 assert ones_count_64(0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF) == 64 } fn test_rotate_left_right() { assert rotate_left_8(0x12, 4) == 0x21 assert rotate_left_16(0x1234, 8) == 0x3412 assert rotate_left_32(0x12345678, 16) == 0x56781234 assert rotate_left_64(0x1234567887654321, 32) == 0x8765432112345678 } fn test_reverse() { mut i := 0 mut i1 := u64(0) // 8 bit i = 0 for _ in 0 .. 9 { mut rv := u8(0) mut bc := 0 mut n := i for bc < 8 { rv = (rv << 1) | (u8(n) & 0x01) bc++ n = n >> 1 } assert reverse_8(u8(i)) == rv i = int(u32(i) << 1) + 1 } // 16 bit i = 0 for _ in 0 .. 17 { mut rv := u16(0) mut bc := 0 mut n := i for bc < 16 { rv = (rv << 1) | (u16(n) & 0x01) bc++ n = n >> 1 } assert reverse_16(u16(i)) == rv i = int(u32(i) << 1) + 1 } // 32 bit i = 0 for _ in 0 .. 33 { mut rv := u32(0) mut bc := 0 mut n := i for bc < 32 { rv = (rv << 1) | (u32(n) & 0x01) bc++ n = n >> 1 } assert reverse_32(u32(i)) == rv i = int(u32(i) << 1) + 1 } // 64 bit i1 = 0 for _ in 0 .. 64 { mut rv := u64(0) mut bc := 0 mut n := i1 for bc < 64 { rv = (rv << 1) | (n & 0x01) bc++ n = n >> 1 } assert reverse_64(i1) == rv i1 = (i1 << 1) + 1 } } fn test_add() { mut i := 0 // 32 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 32 { v := u32(i) << x sum, carry := add_32(v, v, u32(0)) assert ((u64(carry) << 32) | u64(sum)) == u64(v) + u64(v) } mut sum_32t, mut carry_32t := add_32(0x8000_0000, 0x8000_0000, u32(0)) assert sum_32t == u32(0) assert carry_32t == u32(1) sum_32t, carry_32t = add_32(0xFFFF_FFFF, 0xFFFF_FFFF, u32(1)) assert sum_32t == 0xFFFF_FFFF assert carry_32t == u32(1) // 64 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 63 { v := u64(i) << x sum, carry := add_64(v, v, u64(0)) expected_sum := v + v expected_carry := u64(expected_sum < v) assert sum == expected_sum assert carry == expected_carry } mut sum_64t, mut carry_64t := add_64(0x8000_0000_0000_0000, 0x8000_0000_0000_0000, u64(0)) assert sum_64t == u64(0) assert carry_64t == u64(1) sum_64t, carry_64t = add_64(0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF, 0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF, u64(1)) assert sum_64t == 0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF assert carry_64t == u64(1) } fn test_sub() { mut i := 0 // 32 bit i = 1 for x in 1 .. 32 { v0 := u32(i) << x v1 := v0 >> 1 mut diff, mut borrow_out := sub_32(v0, v1, u32(0)) assert diff == v1 diff, borrow_out = sub_32(v0, v1, u32(1)) assert diff == (v1 - 1) assert borrow_out == u32(0) diff, borrow_out = sub_32(v1, v0, u32(1)) assert borrow_out == u32(1) } // 64 bit i = 1 for x in 1 .. 64 { v0 := u64(i) << x v1 := v0 >> 1 mut diff, mut borrow_out := sub_64(v0, v1, u64(0)) assert diff == v1 diff, borrow_out = sub_64(v0, v1, u64(1)) assert diff == (v1 - 1) assert borrow_out == u64(0) diff, borrow_out = sub_64(v1, v0, u64(1)) assert borrow_out == u64(1) } } fn test_mul() { mut i := 0 // 32 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 32 { v0 := u32(i) << x v1 := v0 - 1 hi, lo := mul_32(v0, v1) assert (u64(hi) << 32) | (u64(lo)) == u64(v0) * u64(v1) v2 := u32(x) h, l := mul_add_32(v0, v1, v2) assert (u64(h) << 32) | (u64(l)) == u64(v0) * u64(v1) + u64(v2) } // 64 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 64 { v0 := u64(i) << x v1 := v0 - 1 hi, lo := mul_64(v0, v1) exp_hi, exp_lo := mul_64_default(v0, v1) assert hi == exp_hi assert lo == exp_lo v2 := u64(x) h, l := mul_add_64(v0, v1, v2) exp_h, exp_l := mul_add_64_default(v0, v1, v2) assert h == exp_h assert l == exp_l } } fn test_div() { mut i := 0 // 32 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 31 { hi := u32(i) << x lo := hi - 1 y := u32(3) << x quo, rem := div_32(hi, lo, y) tst := ((u64(hi) << 32) | u64(lo)) assert quo == (tst / u64(y)) assert rem == (tst % u64(y)) assert rem == rem_32(hi, lo, y) } // 64 bit i = 1 for x in 0 .. 62 { hi := u64(i) << x lo := u64(2) // hi - 1 y := u64(0x4000_0000_0000_0000) quo, rem := div_64(hi, lo, y) assert quo == u64(2) << (x + 1) _, rem1 := div_64(hi % y, lo, y) assert rem == rem1 assert rem == rem_64(hi, lo, y) } } fn test_div_64_edge_cases() { qq, rr := div_64(10, 12, 11) assert qq == 16769767339735956015 assert rr == 7 q, r := div_64(0, 23, 10000000000000000000) assert q == 0 assert r == 23 } fn test_randomized_arithmetic_properties() { mut state := u64(0x9e3779b97f4a7c15) for _ in 0 .. 2000 { state = next_u64(state) a64 := state state = next_u64(state) b64 := state state = next_u64(state) carry_in64 := state & 1 sum64, carry_out64 := add_64(a64, b64, carry_in64) tmp := a64 + b64 expected_sum64 := tmp + carry_in64 expected_carry64 := u64(tmp < a64) | u64(expected_sum64 < tmp) assert sum64 == expected_sum64 assert carry_out64 == expected_carry64 diff64, borrow_out64 := sub_64(a64, b64, carry_in64) tmp_diff := a64 - b64 expected_diff64 := tmp_diff - carry_in64 expected_borrow64 := u64(a64 < b64) | u64(tmp_diff < carry_in64) assert diff64 == expected_diff64 assert borrow_out64 == expected_borrow64 mul_hi, mul_lo := mul_64(a64, b64) exp_mul_hi, exp_mul_lo := mul_64_default(a64, b64) assert mul_hi == exp_mul_hi assert mul_lo == exp_mul_lo state = next_u64(state) z64 := state mul_add_hi, mul_add_lo := mul_add_64(a64, b64, z64) exp_mul_add_hi, exp_mul_add_lo := mul_add_64_default(a64, b64, z64) assert mul_add_hi == exp_mul_add_hi assert mul_add_lo == exp_mul_add_lo state = next_u64(state) mut y64 := state | 1 state = next_u64(state) mut hi64 := state hi64 %= y64 state = next_u64(state) lo64 := state quo64, rem64 := div_64(hi64, lo64, y64) exp_quo64, exp_rem64 := div_64_default(hi64, lo64, y64) assert quo64 == exp_quo64 assert rem64 == exp_rem64 assert rem64 == rem_64(hi64, lo64, y64) a32 := u32(a64) b32 := u32(b64) carry_in32 := u32(carry_in64) sum32, carry_out32 := add_32(a32, b32, carry_in32) expected32 := u64(a32) + u64(b32) + u64(carry_in32) assert sum32 == u32(expected32) assert carry_out32 == u32(expected32 >> 32) diff32, borrow_out32 := sub_32(a32, b32, carry_in32) expected_diff32 := a32 - b32 - carry_in32 expected_borrow32 := u32((~a32 & b32) | (~(a32 ^ b32) & expected_diff32)) >> 31 assert diff32 == expected_diff32 assert borrow_out32 == expected_borrow32 mut y32 := u32(y64) if y32 == 0 { y32 = 1 } state = next_u64(state) hi32 := u32(state % u64(y32)) state = next_u64(state) lo32 := u32(state) quo32, rem32 := div_32(hi32, lo32, y32) numerator32 := (u64(hi32) << 32) | u64(lo32) assert quo32 == u32(numerator32 / u64(y32)) assert rem32 == u32(numerator32 % u64(y32)) assert rem32 == rem_32(hi32, lo32, y32) } } // rem_32 and rem_64 panic when y == 0 (division by zero). This behavior is tested // through the randomized property test which guards against y==0, and through manual // verification. Direct panic tests are avoided to prevent test suite crashes. @[inline] fn next_u64(state u64) u64 { return state * u64(6364136223846793005) + u64(1442695040888963407) }