module transform

import v3.flat
import v3.types

// transform_infix_string_ops transforms transform infix string ops data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_infix_string_ops(_id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    if node.children_count < 2 {
        return none
    }
    match node.op {
        .plus, .eq, .ne, .lt, .gt, .le, .ge {}
        else {
            return none
        }
    }

    lhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start]
    rhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start + 1]
    lhs_raw_type := t.node_type(lhs_id)
    rhs_raw_type := t.node_type(rhs_id)
    lhs_clean_type := t.normalize_type_alias(lhs_raw_type)
    rhs_clean_type := t.normalize_type_alias(rhs_raw_type)
    lhs_is_string_ptr := t.equality_expr_is_string_pointer(lhs_id, lhs_clean_type)
    rhs_is_string_ptr := t.equality_expr_is_string_pointer(rhs_id, rhs_clean_type)
    if node.op in [.plus, .eq, .ne] && (lhs_is_string_ptr || rhs_is_string_ptr) {
        return none
    }

    is_string := t.is_string_type(lhs_id) || t.is_string_type(rhs_id) || lhs_is_string_ptr
        || rhs_is_string_ptr

    if !is_string {
        return none
    }

    mut new_lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
    mut new_rhs := t.transform_expr(rhs_id)
    if lhs_is_string_ptr {
        new_lhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, new_lhs)
    }
    if rhs_is_string_ptr {
        new_rhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, new_rhs)
    }

    match node.op {
        .plus {
            lhs := t.a.nodes[int(new_lhs)]
            rhs := t.a.nodes[int(new_rhs)]
            if lhs.kind == .string_literal && rhs.kind == .string_literal {
                return t.make_string_literal(lhs.value + rhs.value)
            }
            return t.make_call('string__plus', arr2(new_lhs, new_rhs))
        }
        .eq {
            return t.make_call('string__eq', arr2(new_lhs, new_rhs))
        }
        .ne {
            eq_call := t.make_call('string__eq', arr2(new_lhs, new_rhs))
            start := t.a.children.len
            t.a.children << eq_call
            return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
                kind:           .prefix
                op:             .not
                children_start: start
                children_count: 1
            })
        }
        .lt {
            return t.make_call('string__lt', arr2(new_lhs, new_rhs))
        }
        .gt {
            // a > b  ->  string__lt(b, a)
            return t.make_call('string__lt', arr2(new_rhs, new_lhs))
        }
        .le {
            // a <= b  ->  !(b < a)  ->  !string__lt(rhs, lhs)
            lt_call := t.make_call('string__lt', arr2(new_rhs, new_lhs))
            start := t.a.children.len
            t.a.children << lt_call
            return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
                kind:           .prefix
                op:             .not
                children_start: start
                children_count: 1
            })
        }
        .ge {
            // a >= b  ->  !(a < b)  ->  !string__lt(lhs, rhs)
            lt_call := t.make_call('string__lt', arr2(new_lhs, new_rhs))
            start := t.a.children.len
            t.a.children << lt_call
            return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
                kind:           .prefix
                op:             .not
                children_start: start
                children_count: 1
            })
        }
        else {
            return none
        }
    }
}

// transform_infix_array_ops transforms transform infix array ops data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_infix_array_ops(_id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    if node.children_count < 2 || node.op !in [.eq, .ne] {
        return none
    }
    lhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start]
    rhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start + 1]
    lhs_raw_type := t.node_type(lhs_id)
    rhs_raw_type := t.node_type(rhs_id)
    lhs_is_array_ptr := t.equality_type_is_array_pointer(lhs_raw_type)
    rhs_is_array_ptr := t.equality_type_is_array_pointer(rhs_raw_type)
    if lhs_is_array_ptr && rhs_is_array_ptr {
        return none
    }
    mut lhs_type := t.membership_container_type(lhs_raw_type)
    mut rhs_type := t.membership_container_type(rhs_raw_type)
    lhs_is_fixed := t.is_fixed_array_type(lhs_type)
    rhs_is_fixed := t.is_fixed_array_type(rhs_type)
    if lhs_is_fixed || rhs_is_fixed {
        if !lhs_is_fixed || !rhs_is_fixed {
            return none
        }
        fixed_type := t.resolved_fixed_array_canonical_type(lhs_type)
        new_lhs := t.transform_expr_for_type(lhs_id, fixed_type)
        new_rhs := t.transform_expr_for_type(rhs_id, fixed_type)
        eq_call := t.make_membership_eq_expr(new_lhs, new_rhs, fixed_type)
        if node.op == .ne {
            return t.make_prefix(.not, eq_call)
        }
        return eq_call
    }
    if !(lhs_type.starts_with('[]') || lhs_type == 'array') || !(rhs_type.starts_with('[]')
        || rhs_type == 'array') {
        return none
    }
    mut elem_type := ''
    if lhs_type.starts_with('[]') {
        elem_type = lhs_type[2..]
    } else if rhs_type.starts_with('[]') {
        elem_type = rhs_type[2..]
    }
    if elem_type.len == 0 {
        elem_type = 'int'
    }
    mut new_lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
    mut new_rhs := t.transform_expr(rhs_id)
    new_lhs_type := t.membership_container_type(t.node_type(new_lhs))
    new_rhs_type := t.membership_container_type(t.node_type(new_rhs))
    if new_lhs_type.starts_with('[]') {
        elem_type = new_lhs_type[2..]
        lhs_type = new_lhs_type
    } else if new_rhs_type.starts_with('[]') {
        elem_type = new_rhs_type[2..]
        rhs_type = new_rhs_type
    }
    if lhs_is_array_ptr {
        new_lhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, new_lhs)
    }
    if rhs_is_array_ptr {
        new_rhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, new_rhs)
    }
    eq_call := if t.array_elem_needs_element_eq(elem_type) {
        t.make_array_elementwise_eq_call(new_lhs, new_rhs, elem_type, lhs_type, rhs_type, node)
    } else if elem_type.starts_with('[]') {
        t.make_call_typed('array_eq_array', arr3(new_lhs, new_rhs,
            t.make_int_literal(array_nested_eq_depth(lhs_type))), 'bool')
    } else if elem_type == 'string' {
        t.make_call_typed('array_eq_string', arr2(new_lhs, new_rhs), 'bool')
    } else {
        t.make_call_typed('array_eq_raw', arr3(new_lhs, new_rhs, t.make_sizeof_type(elem_type)),
            'bool')
    }
    if node.op == .ne {
        return t.make_prefix(.not, eq_call)
    }
    return eq_call
}

// transform_infix_map_ops transforms transform infix map ops data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_infix_map_ops(_id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    if node.children_count < 2 || node.op !in [.eq, .ne] {
        return none
    }
    lhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start]
    rhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start + 1]
    lhs_type := t.map_comparison_expr_type(lhs_id)
    rhs_type := t.map_comparison_expr_type(rhs_id)
    if t.equality_type_is_map_pointer(lhs_type) || t.equality_type_is_map_pointer(rhs_type) {
        return none
    }
    mut lhs_map_type := t.clean_map_type(lhs_type)
    mut rhs_map_type := t.clean_map_type(rhs_type)
    if !lhs_map_type.starts_with('map[') && rhs_map_type.starts_with('map[')
        && t.is_empty_map_init(lhs_id) {
        lhs_map_type = rhs_map_type
    }
    if !rhs_map_type.starts_with('map[') && lhs_map_type.starts_with('map[')
        && t.is_empty_map_init(rhs_id) {
        rhs_map_type = lhs_map_type
    }
    if !lhs_map_type.starts_with('map[') || !rhs_map_type.starts_with('map[') {
        return none
    }
    map_type := lhs_map_type
    mut new_lhs := t.transform_expr_for_type(lhs_id, map_type)
    mut new_rhs := t.transform_expr_for_type(rhs_id, map_type)
    if lhs_type.starts_with('&') {
        new_lhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, new_lhs)
    }
    if rhs_type.starts_with('&') {
        new_rhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, new_rhs)
    }
    _, value_type := t.map_type_parts(map_type)
    eq_call := if value_type.len > 0 && t.map_value_needs_element_eq(value_type) {
        t.make_map_elementwise_eq_call(new_lhs, new_rhs, map_type, node)
    } else {
        t.make_call_typed('v3_map_map_eq', arr2(new_lhs, new_rhs), 'bool')
    }
    if node.op == .ne {
        return t.make_prefix(.not, eq_call)
    }
    return eq_call
}

fn (mut t Transformer) map_comparison_expr_type(id flat.NodeId) string {
    if int(id) < 0 {
        return ''
    }
    node := t.a.nodes[int(id)]
    if node.kind == .call {
        concrete := t.concrete_generic_call_return_type(id, node)
        if concrete.len > 0 && t.clean_map_type(concrete).starts_with('map[') {
            return concrete
        }
    }
    if !isnil(t.tc) {
        if typ := t.tc.expr_type(id) {
            name := typ.name()
            if name.len > 0 && t.clean_map_type(name).starts_with('map[') {
                return name
            }
        }
    }
    mut typ := t.node_type(id)
    if typ.len == 0 && node.kind == .map_init {
        typ = if node.value.len > 0 { node.value } else { node.typ }
    }
    return typ
}

fn (t &Transformer) is_empty_map_init(id flat.NodeId) bool {
    if int(id) < 0 {
        return false
    }
    node := t.a.nodes[int(id)]
    return node.kind == .map_init && node.children_count == 0
}

// transform_infix_struct_ops transforms transform infix struct ops data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_infix_struct_ops(_id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    if node.children_count < 2 {
        return none
    }
    lhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start]
    mut lhs_type := t.node_type(lhs_id)
    checker_lhs_type := t.checker_node_type(lhs_id)
    lhs_key := t.expr_key(lhs_id)
    mut has_smartcast := false
    if lhs_key.len > 0 {
        if sc := t.find_smartcast(lhs_key) {
            has_smartcast = true
            lhs_type = t.smartcast_target_type(sc)
        }
    }
    if lhs_type.len == 0 {
        lhs_type = checker_lhs_type
    }
    if lhs_type.starts_with('&') {
        return none
    }
    mut struct_type := t.struct_lookup_name(lhs_type)
    if struct_type.len == 0 {
        // Generic-struct instance operand (e.g. `Vec4[f32]`): keep the instance type
        // so the operator lowers to the monomorphized method (`vec__Vec4_f32__plus`).
        struct_type = t.generic_struct_instance_name(lhs_type)
    }
    mut is_alias_operator := false
    if struct_type.len == 0 {
        if _ := t.struct_operator_call_info(lhs_type, node.op) {
            struct_type = lhs_type
            is_alias_operator = true
        }
    }
    if struct_type.len == 0 {
        return none
    }
    // Skip the checker/transformer agreement guard for generic-struct instances:
    // they resolve reliably, and an alias name (`SimdFloat4`) vs the resolved form
    // (`vec.Vec4[f32]`) would otherwise spuriously fail the comparison.
    if checker_lhs_type.len > 0 && !has_smartcast && !struct_type.contains('[')
        && !is_alias_operator {
        checker_struct_type := t.struct_lookup_name(checker_lhs_type)
        if checker_struct_type.len > 0 && checker_struct_type != struct_type {
            return none
        }
        if checker_struct_type.len == 0 && checker_lhs_type != lhs_type {
            return none
        }
    }
    if call_info := t.struct_operator_call_info(struct_type, node.op) {
        if t.is_disabled_fn_name(call_info.name) {
            ret_type := t.struct_operator_return_type(call_info.name)
            if ret_type.len == 0 || ret_type == 'void' {
                return t.make_empty()
            }
            return t.zero_value_for_type(ret_type)
        }
        lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
        rhs := t.transform_expr(t.a.children[node.children_start + 1])
        mut call_lhs := lhs
        mut call_rhs := rhs
        if call_info.reverse {
            call_lhs = t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(lhs, lhs_type, 'op_lhs')
            call_rhs = t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(rhs, t.node_type(t.a.children[
                node.children_start + 1]), 'op_rhs')
        }
        args := if call_info.reverse {
            arr2(call_rhs, call_lhs)
        } else {
            arr2(call_lhs, call_rhs)
        }
        t.mark_fn_used_name(call_info.name)
        call := t.make_call_typed(call_info.name, args, node.typ)
        if call_info.negate {
            return t.make_prefix(.not, call)
        }
        return call
    }
    if node.op != .eq && node.op != .ne {
        return none
    }
    if !t.has_struct_operator_fn(struct_type, '==') {
        lhs := t.stable_expr_for_reuse(lhs_id)
        rhs := t.stable_expr_for_reuse(t.a.children[node.children_start + 1])
        if field_eq := t.make_struct_field_eq_expr(lhs, rhs, struct_type) {
            if node.op == .ne {
                return t.make_prefix(.not, field_eq)
            }
            return field_eq
        }
        cmp := t.make_call_typed('memcmp', arr3(t.make_prefix(.amp, lhs), t.make_prefix(.amp, rhs),
            t.make_sizeof_type(struct_type)), 'int')
        return t.make_infix(node.op, cmp, t.make_int_literal(0))
    }
    if eq_fn := t.struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type, '==') {
        if t.is_disabled_fn_name(eq_fn) {
            return t.make_bool_literal(node.op == .ne)
        }
        lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
        rhs := t.transform_expr(t.a.children[node.children_start + 1])
        t.mark_fn_used_name(eq_fn)
        eq_call := t.make_call_typed(eq_fn, arr2(lhs, rhs), 'bool')
        if node.op == .ne {
            return t.make_prefix(.not, eq_call)
        }
        return eq_call
    }
    return none
}

fn (mut t Transformer) transform_transformed_struct_eq(node flat.Node, lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId) ?flat.NodeId {
    mut lhs_type := t.node_type(lhs)
    if lhs_type.starts_with('&') {
        lhs_type = lhs_type[1..]
    }
    mut rhs_type := t.node_type(rhs)
    if rhs_type.starts_with('&') {
        rhs_type = rhs_type[1..]
    }
    lhs_struct_type := t.struct_lookup_name(lhs_type)
    rhs_struct_type := t.struct_lookup_name(rhs_type)
    if lhs_struct_type.len == 0 || rhs_struct_type.len == 0 {
        return none
    }
    struct_type := lhs_struct_type
    if lhs_struct_type != rhs_struct_type
        && lhs_struct_type.all_after_last('.') != rhs_struct_type.all_after_last('.') {
        return none
    }
    if call_info := t.struct_operator_call_info(struct_type, node.op) {
        if t.is_disabled_fn_name(call_info.name) {
            ret_type := t.struct_operator_return_type(call_info.name)
            if ret_type.len == 0 || ret_type == 'void' {
                return t.make_empty()
            }
            return t.zero_value_for_type(ret_type)
        }
        call_lhs := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(lhs, lhs_type, 'op_lhs')
        call_rhs := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(rhs, rhs_type, 'op_rhs')
        args := if call_info.reverse {
            arr2(call_rhs, call_lhs)
        } else {
            arr2(call_lhs, call_rhs)
        }
        t.mark_fn_used_name(call_info.name)
        call := t.make_call_typed(call_info.name, args, node.typ)
        if call_info.negate {
            return t.make_prefix(.not, call)
        }
        return call
    }
    if node.op != .eq && node.op != .ne {
        return none
    }
    if eq_fn := t.struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type, '==') {
        if t.is_disabled_fn_name(eq_fn) {
            return t.make_bool_literal(node.op == .ne)
        }
        call_lhs := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(lhs, lhs_type, 'eq_lhs')
        call_rhs := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(rhs, rhs_type, 'eq_rhs')
        t.mark_fn_used_name(eq_fn)
        eq_call := t.make_call_typed(eq_fn, arr2(call_lhs, call_rhs), 'bool')
        if node.op == .ne {
            return t.make_prefix(.not, eq_call)
        }
        return eq_call
    }
    cmp_lhs := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(lhs, lhs_type, 'eq_lhs')
    cmp_rhs := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(rhs, rhs_type, 'eq_rhs')
    cmp := t.make_call_typed('memcmp', arr3(t.make_prefix(.amp, cmp_lhs), t.make_prefix(.amp,
        cmp_rhs), t.make_sizeof_type(struct_type)), 'int')
    return t.make_infix(node.op, cmp, t.make_int_literal(0))
}

fn (t &Transformer) checker_node_type(id flat.NodeId) string {
    if isnil(t.tc) || int(id) < 0 {
        return ''
    }
    typ := t.tc.expr_type(id) or { t.tc.resolve_type(id) }
    name := typ.name()
    if name.len == 0 || name == 'void' {
        return ''
    }
    return t.normalize_type_alias(name)
}

// StructOperatorCallInfo stores struct operator call info metadata used by transform.
struct StructOperatorCallInfo {
    name    string
    reverse bool
    negate  bool
}

// struct_operator_call_info supports struct operator call info handling for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) struct_operator_call_info(struct_type string, op flat.Op) ?StructOperatorCallInfo {
    if op_name := struct_operator_symbol(op) {
        if method_name := t.struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type, op_name) {
            return StructOperatorCallInfo{
                name: method_name
            }
        }
    }
    match op {
        .gt {
            if method_name := t.struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type, '<') {
                return StructOperatorCallInfo{
                    name:    method_name
                    reverse: true
                }
            }
        }
        .ge {
            if method_name := t.struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type, '<') {
                return StructOperatorCallInfo{
                    name:   method_name
                    negate: true
                }
            }
        }
        .le {
            if method_name := t.struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type, '<') {
                return StructOperatorCallInfo{
                    name:    method_name
                    reverse: true
                    negate:  true
                }
            }
        }
        .ne {
            if method_name := t.struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type, '==') {
                return StructOperatorCallInfo{
                    name:   method_name
                    negate: true
                }
            }
        }
        else {}
    }

    return none
}

// struct_operator_symbol supports struct operator symbol handling for transform.
fn struct_operator_symbol(op flat.Op) ?string {
    match op {
        .plus { return '+' }
        .minus { return '-' }
        .mul { return '*' }
        .div { return '/' }
        .mod { return '%' }
        .eq { return '==' }
        .ne { return '!=' }
        .lt { return '<' }
        .gt { return '>' }
        .le { return '<=' }
        .ge { return '>=' }
        else {}
    }

    return none
}

// struct_operator_fn_name supports struct operator fn name handling for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type string, op_name string) ?string {
    require_used := op_name in ['==', '!=']
    for receiver in t.operator_receiver_candidates(struct_type) {
        method_name := '${receiver}.${op_name}'
        if t.is_known_operator_fn_name(method_name, require_used) {
            return method_name
        }
        cmethod_name := c_name(method_name)
        if t.is_known_operator_fn_name(cmethod_name, require_used) {
            return cmethod_name
        }
        if name := t.generic_struct_operator_fn_name(receiver, op_name) {
            return name
        }
    }
    return none
}

fn (t &Transformer) operator_receiver_candidates(struct_type string) []string {
    mut candidates := []string{cap: 2}
    if struct_type.len == 0 {
        return candidates
    }
    candidates << struct_type
    if !struct_type.contains('.') && t.cur_module.len > 0 && t.cur_module != 'main'
        && t.cur_module != 'builtin' {
        candidates << '${t.cur_module}.${struct_type}'
    }
    return candidates
}

// generic_struct_instance_name returns the resolved generic-struct instance type
// for `type_name` (its base is a known generic struct), else ''. A type alias to a
// generic instance (`SimdFloat4` -> `vec.Vec4[f32]`) is normalized first, so an
// operand typed by its alias still lowers to the monomorphized operator.
fn (t &Transformer) generic_struct_instance_name(type_name string) string {
    if isnil(t.tc) {
        return ''
    }
    normalized := t.normalize_type_alias(type_name)
    base, _, ok := generic_app_parts(normalized)
    if !ok {
        return ''
    }
    if base in t.tc.struct_generic_params {
        return normalized
    }
    return ''
}

// generic_struct_operator_fn_name handles operator overloads on a generic-struct
// instance (e.g. `Vec4[f32] + Vec4[f32]`). The operator is declared on the generic
// form (`Vec4[T].+`) and specialized to `vec__Vec4_f32__plus` by the monomorphizer
// (which runs after this lowering). When the generic operator exists, anticipate
// the specialized C name so the infix lowers to that call.
fn (t &Transformer) generic_struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type string, op_name string) ?string {
    if isnil(t.tc) {
        return none
    }
    base, _, ok := generic_app_parts(struct_type)
    if !ok {
        return none
    }
    params := t.tc.struct_generic_params[base] or { return none }
    if params.len == 0 {
        return none
    }
    generic_key := '${base}[${params.join(', ')}].${op_name}'
    if generic_key in t.tc.fn_ret_types || generic_key in t.tc.fn_param_types {
        return c_name('${struct_type}.${op_name}')
    }
    return none
}

fn (t &Transformer) is_known_operator_fn_name(name string, require_used bool) bool {
    if !t.is_known_fn_name(name) {
        return false
    }
    if !require_used || t.used_fns.len == 0 {
        return true
    }
    return name in t.used_fns || c_name(name) in t.used_fns
}

// has_struct_operator_fn reports whether has struct operator fn applies in transform.
fn (t &Transformer) has_struct_operator_fn(struct_type string, op_name string) bool {
    if _ := t.struct_operator_fn_name(struct_type, op_name) {
        return true
    }
    return false
}

// struct_operator_return_type supports struct operator return type handling for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) struct_operator_return_type(fn_name string) string {
    if ret := t.fn_ret_types[fn_name] {
        return t.normalize_type_alias(ret)
    }
    if !isnil(t.tc) {
        if ret := t.tc.fn_ret_types[fn_name] {
            return t.normalize_type_alias(ret.name())
        }
    }
    return ''
}

// infix_struct_operator_result_type
// supports helper handling in transform.
fn (t &Transformer) infix_struct_operator_result_type(node flat.Node, lhs_type_in string) string {
    if node.children_count < 2 {
        return ''
    }
    // `lhs_type_in` is the already-resolved type of the left operand; the caller passes
    // it so we don't re-resolve the operand (operator-overload checks run on every infix).
    lhs_type := if lhs_type_in.starts_with('&') { lhs_type_in[1..] } else { lhs_type_in }
    struct_type := t.struct_lookup_name(lhs_type)
    if struct_type.len == 0 {
        // Generic-struct instance (`Vec4[f32]`): the specialized operator method is
        // not registered until monomorphization, so derive the result from the
        // generic operator's (substituted) return type.
        if rt := t.generic_struct_operator_return_type(t.generic_struct_instance_name(lhs_type),
            node.op)
        {
            return rt
        }
        return ''
    }
    if call_info := t.struct_operator_call_info(struct_type, node.op) {
        ret_type := t.struct_operator_return_type(call_info.name)
        if ret_type.len > 0 {
            return ret_type
        }
    }
    return ''
}

// generic_struct_operator_return_type returns the result type of an operator on a
// generic-struct instance (`Vec4[f32]`), derived from the generic operator's
// declared return type (`Vec4[T].- -> Vec4[T]`) with the instance's type arguments
// substituted (`-> Vec4[f32]`), qualified with the struct's module so the outer
// expression resolves to the monomorphized operator.
fn (t &Transformer) generic_struct_operator_return_type(struct_type string, op flat.Op) ?string {
    if struct_type.len == 0 || isnil(t.tc) {
        return none
    }
    op_name := struct_operator_symbol(op) or { return none }
    full_base, args, ok := generic_app_parts(struct_type)
    if !ok {
        return none
    }
    params := t.tc.struct_generic_params[full_base] or { return none }
    generic_key := '${full_base}[${params.join(', ')}].${op_name}'
    mut ret := ''
    if r := t.fn_ret_types[generic_key] {
        ret = r
    } else if r := t.tc.fn_ret_types[generic_key] {
        ret = r.name()
    } else {
        return none
    }
    substituted := substitute_generic_type_text_with_params(ret, args, params)
    // Qualify a returned instance of the same struct family with the struct's module.
    rbase, _, rok := generic_app_parts(substituted)
    if rok && full_base.contains('.') && !rbase.contains('.')
        && rbase == full_base.all_after_last('.') {
        return '${full_base.all_before_last('.')}.${substituted}'
    }
    return substituted
}

// transform_infix_sum_ops transforms transform infix sum ops data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_infix_sum_ops(_id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    if node.op !in [.eq, .ne] || node.children_count < 2 {
        return none
    }
    lhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start]
    rhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start + 1]
    lhs_raw_type := t.node_type(lhs_id)
    rhs_raw_type := t.node_type(rhs_id)
    mut lhs_type := lhs_raw_type
    mut rhs_type := rhs_raw_type
    lhs_is_ptr := lhs_type.starts_with('&')
    rhs_is_ptr := rhs_type.starts_with('&')
    if lhs_is_ptr {
        lhs_type = lhs_type[1..]
    }
    if rhs_is_ptr {
        rhs_type = rhs_type[1..]
    }
    if !t.is_sum_type_name(lhs_type) || !t.is_sum_type_name(rhs_type) {
        return none
    }
    sum_type := if t.is_sum_type_name(lhs_type) {
        t.resolve_sum_name(lhs_type)
    } else if t.is_sum_type_name(rhs_type) {
        t.resolve_sum_name(rhs_type)
    } else {
        ''
    }
    if sum_type.len == 0 {
        return none
    }
    mut lhs := t.stable_expr_for_reuse(lhs_id)
    mut rhs := t.stable_expr_for_reuse(rhs_id)
    if lhs_is_ptr {
        lhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, lhs)
        t.a.nodes[int(lhs)].typ = lhs_type
    }
    if rhs_is_ptr {
        rhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, rhs)
        t.a.nodes[int(rhs)].typ = rhs_type
    }
    tag_eq := t.make_infix(.eq, t.make_selector(lhs, 'typ', 'int'), t.make_selector(rhs, 'typ',
        'int'))
    cmp := t.make_call_typed('memcmp', arr3(t.make_prefix(.amp, lhs), t.make_prefix(.amp, rhs),
        t.make_sizeof_type(sum_type)), 'int')
    value_eq := t.make_infix(.eq, cmp, t.make_int_literal(0))
    eq := t.make_infix(.logical_and, tag_eq, value_eq)
    if node.op == .ne {
        return t.make_prefix(.not, t.make_paren(eq))
    }
    return eq
}

// transform_infix_optional_none_ops supports transform_infix_optional_none_ops handling.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_infix_optional_none_ops(_id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    if node.op !in [.eq, .ne] || node.children_count < 2 {
        return none
    }
    lhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start]
    rhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start + 1]
    lhs := t.a.nodes[int(lhs_id)]
    rhs := t.a.nodes[int(rhs_id)]
    mut opt_id := flat.empty_node
    if lhs.kind == .none_expr {
        opt_id = rhs_id
    } else if rhs.kind == .none_expr {
        opt_id = lhs_id
    } else {
        return none
    }
    opt_type := t.node_type(opt_id)
    if !t.is_optional_type_name(opt_type) {
        return none
    }
    ok := t.make_selector(t.transform_expr(opt_id), 'ok', 'bool')
    if node.op == .eq {
        return t.make_prefix(.not, ok)
    }
    return ok
}

// struct_lookup_name supports struct lookup name handling for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) struct_lookup_name(type_name string) string {
    if type_name.len == 0 {
        return ''
    }
    // Primitives, arrays and maps are never struct names. Bail before the qualified-name
    // concatenation below — this runs for every infix operand, so the saved allocation
    // matters. (Behaviour is unchanged: these always resolved to '' anyway.)
    first := type_name[0]
    if first == `[`
        || (first >= `a` && first <= `z` && types.is_builtin_type_name(type_name))
        || type_name.starts_with('map[') {
        return ''
    }
    if type_name.contains('.') {
        if type_name in t.structs {
            return type_name
        }
        short_type := type_name.all_after_last('.')
        type_mod := type_name.all_before_last('.')
        if info := t.structs[short_type] {
            if info.module == type_mod {
                return short_type
            }
        }
        if info := t.structs[type_name] {
            if info.module == type_mod {
                return type_name
            }
        }
        return ''
    }
    if type_name in t.structs {
        if info := t.structs[type_name] {
            if info.module.len == 0 || info.module == t.cur_module {
                return type_name
            }
        }
    }
    if t.cur_module.len > 0 && t.cur_module != 'main' && t.cur_module != 'builtin' {
        qtype := '${t.cur_module}.${type_name}'
        if qtype in t.structs {
            return qtype
        }
    }
    return ''
}

// transform_in_expr transforms transform in expr data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_in_expr(id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node) flat.NodeId {
    if node.children_count < 2 {
        return id
    }
    lhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start]
    rhs_id := t.a.children[node.children_start + 1]
    rhs := t.a.nodes[int(rhs_id)]

    is_not_in := node.value == '!in'

    mut result := id
    if rhs.kind == .range {
        // x in low..high  ->  x >= low && x < high
        if rhs.children_count >= 2 {
            new_lhs := t.stable_expr_for_reuse(lhs_id)
            low_id := t.a.children[rhs.children_start]
            high_id := t.a.children[rhs.children_start + 1]
            new_low := t.transform_expr(low_id)
            new_high := t.transform_expr(high_id)

            ge_cmp := t.make_infix(.ge, new_lhs, new_low)
            lt_cmp := t.make_infix(.lt, new_lhs, new_high)
            result = t.make_infix(.logical_and, ge_cmp, lt_cmp)
        }
    } else if rhs.kind == .array_literal {
        if type_checks := t.lower_type_pattern_membership(lhs_id, rhs, is_not_in) {
            return type_checks
        }
        // x in [a, b, c]  ->  x == a || x == b || x == c
        if rhs.children_count == 0 {
            result = t.make_bool_literal(false)
        } else {
            new_lhs := t.stable_expr_for_reuse(lhs_id)
            is_str := t.is_string_type(lhs_id)
            mut or_chain := flat.empty_node
            for i in 0 .. rhs.children_count {
                elem_id := t.a.children[rhs.children_start + i]
                new_elem := t.transform_expr(elem_id)
                eq_cmp := if is_str {
                    t.make_call('string__eq', arr2(new_lhs, new_elem))
                } else {
                    t.make_infix(.eq, new_lhs, new_elem)
                }
                if int(or_chain) < 0 {
                    or_chain = eq_cmp
                } else {
                    or_chain = t.make_infix(.logical_or, or_chain, eq_cmp)
                }
            }
            result = or_chain
        }
    } else {
        rhs_type := t.node_type(rhs_id)
        clean_rhs_type := t.membership_container_type(rhs_type)
        rhs_is_ptr_array := t.membership_container_is_pointer_array(rhs_type)
        if clean_rhs_type.starts_with('[]') || clean_rhs_type == 'array' {
            if lowered := t.lower_array_membership_expr(rhs_id, lhs_id, rhs_type, false, node) {
                result = lowered
            } else {
                // dynamic array membership -> array_contains_int/string(arr, val)
                new_lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
                mut new_rhs := t.transform_expr(rhs_id)
                if rhs_is_ptr_array {
                    new_rhs = t.make_prefix(.mul, new_rhs)
                }
                mut elem := if clean_rhs_type.starts_with('[]') { clean_rhs_type[2..] } else { '' }
                if elem.len == 0 {
                    elem = t.node_type(lhs_id)
                }
                fn_name := array_contains_fn_name(elem)
                result = t.make_call_typed(fn_name, arr2(new_rhs, new_lhs), 'bool')
            }
        } else if rhs.kind in [.ident, .selector] && (rhs_type.len == 0 || rhs_type == 'unknown') {
            new_lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
            new_rhs := t.transform_expr(rhs_id)
            mut elem := t.node_type(lhs_id)
            lhs := t.a.nodes[int(lhs_id)]
            if elem.len == 0 && lhs.kind == .selector {
                elem = t.selector_field_type(lhs)
            }
            if elem.len == 0 && rhs.kind == .selector {
                elem = t.selector_array_elem_type(rhs)
            }
            if elem.len > 0 {
                fn_name := array_contains_fn_name(elem)
                result = t.make_call_typed(fn_name, arr2(new_rhs, new_lhs), 'bool')
            }
        } else if t.is_fixed_array_type(clean_rhs_type) {
            // fixed array membership -> fixed_array_contains_int/string(arr, len, val)
            new_lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
            new_rhs := t.transform_expr(rhs_id)
            elem := fixed_array_elem_type(clean_rhs_type)
            fn_name := fixed_array_contains_fn_name(elem)
            len_expr := t.make_fixed_array_len_expr(clean_rhs_type)
            result = t.make_call_typed(fn_name, arr3(new_rhs, len_expr, new_lhs), 'bool')
        } else if clean_rhs_type == 'string' {
            new_lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
            new_rhs := t.transform_expr(rhs_id)
            fn_name := if t.node_type(lhs_id) in ['u8', 'byte'] {
                'string__contains_u8'
            } else {
                'string__contains'
            }
            result = t.make_call_typed(fn_name, arr2(new_rhs, new_lhs), 'bool')
        } else if clean_rhs_type.starts_with('map[') || clean_rhs_type == 'map' {
            if lowered := t.lower_map_membership_expr(rhs_id, lhs_id, rhs_type) {
                result = lowered
            }
        } else {
            // Unknown containment is kept as in_expr so the backend can reject or
            // handle genuinely unresolved cases.
            new_lhs := t.transform_expr(lhs_id)
            new_rhs := t.transform_expr(rhs_id)
            in_start := t.a.children.len
            t.a.children << new_lhs
            t.a.children << new_rhs
            result = t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
                kind:           .in_expr
                op:             node.op
                children_start: in_start
                children_count: 2
                pos:            node.pos
                value:          'in'
                typ:            node.typ
            })
        }
    }

    if is_not_in && result != id {
        start := t.a.children.len
        t.a.children << t.make_paren(result)
        return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
            kind:           .prefix
            op:             .not
            children_start: start
            children_count: 1
        })
    }
    return result
}

// lower_type_pattern_membership builds lower type pattern membership data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) lower_type_pattern_membership(lhs_id flat.NodeId, rhs flat.Node, is_not_in bool) ?flat.NodeId {
    if rhs.children_count == 0 {
        return none
    }
    mut patterns := []string{cap: int(rhs.children_count)}
    mut sum_name := t.trim_pointer_type(t.original_expr_type(lhs_id))
    if !t.is_sum_type_name(sum_name) {
        sum_name = t.trim_pointer_type(t.node_type(lhs_id))
    }
    for i in 0 .. rhs.children_count {
        elem_id := t.a.child(&rhs, i)
        pattern := t.type_pattern_name(elem_id)
        if pattern.len == 0 {
            return none
        }
        if !t.is_sum_type_name(sum_name) {
            pattern_sum := t.find_sum_type_for_variant(pattern)
            if pattern_sum.len == 0 {
                return none
            }
            sum_name = pattern_sum
        } else if t.sum_variant_path(sum_name, pattern).len == 0 {
            return none
        }
        patterns << pattern
    }
    if !t.is_sum_type_name(sum_name) {
        return none
    }
    lhs_type := t.original_expr_type(lhs_id)
    base := t.stable_expr_for_reuse(lhs_id)
    mut chain := flat.empty_node
    for pattern in patterns {
        cmp := t.make_sum_type_pattern_check(base, lhs_type, sum_name, pattern) or { return none }
        if int(chain) < 0 {
            chain = cmp
        } else {
            chain = t.make_infix(.logical_or, chain, cmp)
        }
    }
    if is_not_in {
        return t.make_prefix(.not, t.make_paren(chain))
    }
    return chain
}

// type_pattern_name returns type pattern name data for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) type_pattern_name(id flat.NodeId) string {
    if int(id) < 0 {
        return ''
    }
    node := t.a.nodes[int(id)]
    match node.kind {
        .ident {
            return node.value
        }
        .selector {
            if node.children_count == 0 {
                return node.value
            }
            base := t.type_pattern_name(t.a.child(&node, 0))
            if base.len == 0 {
                return node.value
            }
            return '${base}.${node.value}'
        }
        .array_init {
            if node.value.len == 0 {
                return ''
            }
            return '[]${node.value}'
        }
        .array_literal {
            if node.value.len == 0 {
                return ''
            }
            return '[${node.children_count}]${node.value}'
        }
        else {
            return ''
        }
    }
}

// lower_array_membership_expr builds lower array membership expr data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) lower_array_membership_expr(base_id flat.NodeId, needle_id flat.NodeId, base_type string, receiver_first bool, src flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    clean_base_type := t.membership_container_type(base_type)
    if !clean_base_type.starts_with('[]') && clean_base_type != 'array' {
        return none
    }
    mut elem_type := if clean_base_type.starts_with('[]') { clean_base_type[2..] } else { '' }
    if elem_type.len == 0 {
        elem_type = t.membership_container_type(t.node_type(needle_id))
    }
    if elem_type.len == 0 {
        return none
    }
    mut base := flat.empty_node
    mut needle := flat.empty_node
    if receiver_first {
        base = t.stable_array_expr_for_membership(base_id, base_type, clean_base_type)
        needle = t.stable_expr_for_reuse(needle_id)
    } else {
        needle = t.stable_expr_for_reuse(needle_id)
        base = t.stable_array_expr_for_membership(base_id, base_type, clean_base_type)
    }
    mut prefix := []flat.NodeId{}
    t.drain_pending(mut prefix)
    result_name := t.new_temp('contains')
    idx_name := t.new_temp('contains_idx')
    prefix << t.make_decl_assign_typed(result_name, t.make_bool_literal(false), 'bool')
    init := t.make_decl_assign_typed(idx_name, t.make_int_literal(0), 'int')
    cond := t.make_infix(.lt, t.make_ident(idx_name), t.make_selector(base, 'len', 'int'))
    post := t.make_expr_stmt(t.make_postfix(t.make_ident(idx_name), .inc))
    elem_expr := t.array_get_value(base, t.make_ident(idx_name), elem_type)
    pending_start := t.pending_stmts.len
    eq_expr := t.make_membership_eq_expr(elem_expr, needle, elem_type)
    mut loop_body := t.pending_stmts[pending_start..].clone()
    t.pending_stmts = t.pending_stmts[..pending_start].clone()
    assign_true := t.make_assign(t.make_ident(result_name), t.make_bool_literal(true))
    then_block := t.make_block(arr1(assign_true))
    loop_body << t.make_if(eq_expr, then_block, t.make_empty())
    prefix << t.make_for_stmt(init, cond, post, loop_body, src)
    for stmt in prefix {
        t.pending_stmts << stmt
    }
    return t.make_ident(result_name)
}

// lower_array_index_expr builds lower array index expr data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) lower_array_index_expr(base_id flat.NodeId, needle_id flat.NodeId, base_type string, receiver_first bool, src flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    clean_base_type := t.membership_container_type(base_type)
    if !clean_base_type.starts_with('[]') && clean_base_type != 'array' {
        return none
    }
    mut elem_type := if clean_base_type.starts_with('[]') { clean_base_type[2..] } else { '' }
    if elem_type.len == 0 {
        elem_type = t.membership_container_type(t.node_type(needle_id))
    }
    if elem_type.len == 0 {
        return none
    }
    mut base := flat.empty_node
    mut needle := flat.empty_node
    if receiver_first {
        base = t.stable_array_expr_for_membership(base_id, base_type, clean_base_type)
        needle = t.stable_expr_for_reuse(needle_id)
    } else {
        needle = t.stable_expr_for_reuse(needle_id)
        base = t.stable_array_expr_for_membership(base_id, base_type, clean_base_type)
    }
    mut prefix := []flat.NodeId{}
    t.drain_pending(mut prefix)
    result_name := t.new_temp('index')
    idx_name := t.new_temp('index_idx')
    prefix << t.make_decl_assign_typed(result_name, t.make_int_literal(-1), 'int')
    init := t.make_decl_assign_typed(idx_name, t.make_int_literal(0), 'int')
    cond := t.make_infix(.lt, t.make_ident(idx_name), t.make_selector(base, 'len', 'int'))
    post := t.make_expr_stmt(t.make_postfix(t.make_ident(idx_name), .inc))
    elem_expr := t.array_get_value(base, t.make_ident(idx_name), elem_type)
    pending_start := t.pending_stmts.len
    eq_expr := t.make_membership_eq_expr(elem_expr, needle, elem_type)
    mut loop_body := t.pending_stmts[pending_start..].clone()
    t.pending_stmts = t.pending_stmts[..pending_start].clone()
    not_found := t.make_infix(.lt, t.make_ident(result_name), t.make_int_literal(0))
    found_cond := t.make_infix(.logical_and, not_found, eq_expr)
    assign_idx := t.make_assign(t.make_ident(result_name), t.make_ident(idx_name))
    loop_body << t.make_if(found_cond, t.make_block(arr1(assign_idx)), t.make_empty())
    prefix << t.make_for_stmt(init, cond, post, loop_body, src)
    for stmt in prefix {
        t.pending_stmts << stmt
    }
    return t.make_ident(result_name)
}

// lower_array_last_index_expr builds lower array last index expr data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) lower_array_last_index_expr(base_id flat.NodeId, needle_id flat.NodeId, base_type string, receiver_first bool, src flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    clean_base_type := t.membership_container_type(base_type)
    if !clean_base_type.starts_with('[]') && clean_base_type != 'array' {
        return none
    }
    mut elem_type := if clean_base_type.starts_with('[]') { clean_base_type[2..] } else { '' }
    if elem_type.len == 0 {
        elem_type = t.membership_container_type(t.node_type(needle_id))
    }
    if elem_type.len == 0 {
        return none
    }
    mut base := flat.empty_node
    mut needle := flat.empty_node
    if receiver_first {
        base = t.stable_array_expr_for_membership(base_id, base_type, clean_base_type)
        needle = t.stable_expr_for_reuse(needle_id)
    } else {
        needle = t.stable_expr_for_reuse(needle_id)
        base = t.stable_array_expr_for_membership(base_id, base_type, clean_base_type)
    }
    mut prefix := []flat.NodeId{}
    t.drain_pending(mut prefix)
    result_name := t.new_temp('last_index')
    idx_name := t.new_temp('last_index_idx')
    prefix << t.make_decl_assign_typed(result_name, t.make_int_literal(-1), 'int')
    init := t.make_decl_assign_typed(idx_name, t.make_infix(.minus, t.make_selector(base, 'len',
        'int'), t.make_int_literal(1)), 'int')
    cond := t.make_infix(.ge, t.make_ident(idx_name), t.make_int_literal(0))
    post := t.make_expr_stmt(t.make_postfix(t.make_ident(idx_name), .dec))
    elem_expr := t.array_get_value(base, t.make_ident(idx_name), elem_type)
    pending_start := t.pending_stmts.len
    eq_expr := t.make_membership_eq_expr(elem_expr, needle, elem_type)
    mut loop_body := t.pending_stmts[pending_start..].clone()
    t.pending_stmts = t.pending_stmts[..pending_start].clone()
    not_found := t.make_infix(.lt, t.make_ident(result_name), t.make_int_literal(0))
    found_cond := t.make_infix(.logical_and, not_found, eq_expr)
    assign_idx := t.make_assign(t.make_ident(result_name), t.make_ident(idx_name))
    loop_body << t.make_if(found_cond, t.make_block(arr1(assign_idx)), t.make_empty())
    prefix << t.make_for_stmt(init, cond, post, loop_body, src)
    for stmt in prefix {
        t.pending_stmts << stmt
    }
    return t.make_ident(result_name)
}

// stable_array_expr_for_membership
// supports helper handling in transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) stable_array_expr_for_membership(id flat.NodeId, raw_type string, clean_type string) flat.NodeId {
    mut expr := t.transform_expr(id)
    if t.membership_container_is_pointer_array(raw_type) {
        expr = t.make_prefix(.mul, expr)
    }
    return t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(expr, clean_type, 'in_arr')
}

// make_membership_eq_expr builds make membership eq expr data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) make_membership_eq_expr(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, elem_type string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.make_membership_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs, rhs, elem_type, []string{})
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_membership_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, elem_type string, seen []string) flat.NodeId {
    if t.membership_type_is_pointer(elem_type) {
        return t.make_infix(.eq, lhs, rhs)
    }
    mut clean := t.membership_container_type(elem_type)
    if clean == 'string' {
        return t.make_call_typed('string__eq', arr2(lhs, rhs), 'bool')
    }
    map_type := t.clean_map_type(clean)
    if map_type.starts_with('map[') {
        _, value_type := t.map_type_parts(map_type)
        if value_type.len > 0 && t.map_value_needs_element_eq(value_type) {
            src := if int(lhs) >= 0 && int(lhs) < t.a.nodes.len {
                t.a.nodes[int(lhs)]
            } else {
                flat.Node{}
            }
            return t.make_map_elementwise_eq_call_with_seen(lhs, rhs, map_type, src, seen)
        }
        return t.make_call_typed('v3_map_map_eq', arr2(lhs, rhs), 'bool')
    }
    if clean.starts_with('[]') {
        inner := clean[2..]
        if inner == 'string' {
            return t.make_call_typed('array_eq_string', arr2(lhs, rhs), 'bool')
        }
        if t.array_elem_needs_element_eq(inner) {
            src := if int(lhs) >= 0 && int(lhs) < t.a.nodes.len {
                t.a.nodes[int(lhs)]
            } else {
                flat.Node{}
            }
            return t.make_array_elementwise_eq_call_with_seen(lhs, rhs, inner, clean, clean, src,
                seen)
        }
        if inner.starts_with('[]') {
            return t.make_call_typed('array_eq_array', arr3(lhs, rhs,
                t.make_int_literal(array_nested_eq_depth(clean))), 'bool')
        }
        return t.make_call_typed('array_eq_raw', arr3(lhs, rhs, t.make_sizeof_type(inner)), 'bool')
    }
    if t.is_fixed_array_type(clean) {
        clean = t.resolved_fixed_array_canonical_type(clean)
        if t.type_needs_semantic_eq(clean) {
            if fixed_eq := t.make_fixed_array_elementwise_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs, rhs, clean, seen) {
                return fixed_eq
            }
        }
        lhs_value := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(lhs, clean, 'fixed_eq_lhs')
        rhs_value := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(rhs, clean, 'fixed_eq_rhs')
        cmp := t.make_call_typed('memcmp', arr3(t.make_prefix(.amp, lhs_value), t.make_prefix(.amp,
            rhs_value), t.make_sizeof_type(clean)), 'int')
        return t.make_infix(.eq, cmp, t.make_int_literal(0))
    }
    struct_type := t.struct_lookup_name(clean)
    if struct_type.len > 0 {
        method_name := '${struct_type}.=='
        if t.is_known_fn_name(method_name) {
            t.mark_fn_used_name(method_name)
            return t.make_call(method_name, arr2(lhs, rhs))
        }
        if struct_type in seen {
            cmp := t.make_call_typed('memcmp', arr3(t.make_prefix(.amp, lhs),
                t.make_prefix(.amp, rhs), t.make_sizeof_type(struct_type)), 'int')
            return t.make_infix(.eq, cmp, t.make_int_literal(0))
        }
        if field_eq := t.make_struct_field_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs, rhs, struct_type, seen) {
            return field_eq
        }
        cmp := t.make_call_typed('memcmp', arr3(t.make_prefix(.amp, lhs), t.make_prefix(.amp, rhs),
            t.make_sizeof_type(struct_type)), 'int')
        return t.make_infix(.eq, cmp, t.make_int_literal(0))
    }
    return t.make_infix(.eq, lhs, rhs)
}

fn (t &Transformer) array_elem_needs_element_eq(elem_type string) bool {
    if t.membership_type_is_pointer(elem_type) {
        return false
    }
    clean := t.membership_container_type(elem_type)
    return clean != 'string' && t.type_needs_semantic_eq(clean)
}

fn (t &Transformer) map_value_needs_element_eq(value_type string) bool {
    if t.membership_type_is_pointer(value_type) {
        return false
    }
    clean := t.membership_container_type(value_type)
    if t.is_fixed_array_type(clean) {
        return true
    }
    return t.type_needs_semantic_eq(clean)
}

fn (t &Transformer) type_needs_semantic_eq(typ string) bool {
    if t.membership_type_is_pointer(typ) {
        return false
    }
    clean := t.membership_container_type(typ)
    if clean == 'string' {
        return true
    }
    if t.clean_map_type(clean).starts_with('map[') {
        return true
    }
    if clean.starts_with('[]') {
        return t.type_needs_semantic_eq(clean[2..])
    }
    if t.is_fixed_array_type(clean) {
        elem_type := fixed_array_elem_type(clean)
        return elem_type.len > 0 && t.type_needs_semantic_eq(elem_type)
    }
    return t.struct_lookup_name(clean).len > 0
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_array_elementwise_eq_call(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, elem_type string, lhs_type string, rhs_type string, src flat.Node) flat.NodeId {
    return t.make_array_elementwise_eq_call_with_seen(lhs, rhs, elem_type, lhs_type, rhs_type, src,
        []string{})
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_array_elementwise_eq_call_with_seen(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, elem_type string, lhs_type string, rhs_type string, src flat.Node, seen []string) flat.NodeId {
    mut clean_elem := t.membership_container_type(elem_type)
    if t.is_fixed_array_type(clean_elem) {
        clean_elem = t.resolved_fixed_array_canonical_type(clean_elem)
    }
    lhs_value := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(lhs, lhs_type, 'arr_eq_lhs')
    rhs_value := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(rhs, rhs_type, 'arr_eq_rhs')
    result_name := t.new_temp('arr_eq')
    idx_name := t.new_temp('arr_eq_idx')
    len_eq := t.make_infix(.eq, t.make_selector(lhs_value, 'len', 'int'), t.make_selector(rhs_value,
        'len', 'int'))
    t.pending_stmts << t.make_decl_assign_typed(result_name, len_eq, 'bool')
    init := t.make_decl_assign_typed(idx_name, t.make_int_literal(0), 'int')
    in_bounds := t.make_infix(.lt, t.make_ident(idx_name), t.make_selector(lhs_value, 'len', 'int'))
    cond := t.make_infix(.logical_and, t.make_ident(result_name), in_bounds)
    post := t.make_expr_stmt(t.make_postfix(t.make_ident(idx_name), .inc))
    lhs_elem := t.array_get_value(lhs_value, t.make_ident(idx_name), clean_elem)
    rhs_elem := t.array_get_value(rhs_value, t.make_ident(idx_name), clean_elem)
    pending_start := t.pending_stmts.len
    elem_eq := t.make_membership_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs_elem, rhs_elem, clean_elem, seen)
    mut body_stmts := t.pending_stmts[pending_start..].clone()
    t.pending_stmts = t.pending_stmts[..pending_start].clone()
    set_false := t.make_assign(t.make_ident(result_name), t.make_bool_literal(false))
    body_stmts << t.make_if(t.make_prefix(.not, t.make_paren(elem_eq)),
        t.make_block(arr1(set_false)), t.make_empty())
    t.pending_stmts << t.make_for_stmt(init, cond, post, body_stmts, src)
    result := t.make_ident(result_name)
    t.a.nodes[int(result)].typ = 'bool'
    return result
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_fixed_array_elementwise_eq_expr(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, fixed_type string) ?flat.NodeId {
    return t.make_fixed_array_elementwise_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs, rhs, fixed_type, []string{})
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_fixed_array_elementwise_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, fixed_type string, seen []string) ?flat.NodeId {
    clean_fixed_type := t.resolved_fixed_array_canonical_type(fixed_type)
    elem_type := fixed_array_elem_type(clean_fixed_type)
    if elem_type.len == 0 {
        return none
    }
    lhs_value := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(lhs, clean_fixed_type, 'fixed_eq_lhs')
    rhs_value := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(rhs, clean_fixed_type, 'fixed_eq_rhs')
    result_name := t.new_temp('fixed_eq')
    idx_name := t.new_temp('fixed_eq_idx')
    t.pending_stmts << t.make_decl_assign_typed(result_name, t.make_bool_literal(true), 'bool')
    init := t.make_decl_assign_typed(idx_name, t.make_int_literal(0), 'int')
    cond := t.make_infix(.lt, t.make_ident(idx_name), t.make_fixed_array_len_expr(clean_fixed_type))
    post := t.make_expr_stmt(t.make_postfix(t.make_ident(idx_name), .inc))
    lhs_elem := t.make_index(lhs_value, t.make_ident(idx_name), elem_type)
    rhs_elem := t.make_index(rhs_value, t.make_ident(idx_name), elem_type)
    pending_start := t.pending_stmts.len
    elem_eq := t.make_membership_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs_elem, rhs_elem, elem_type, seen)
    mut body_stmts := t.pending_stmts[pending_start..].clone()
    t.pending_stmts = t.pending_stmts[..pending_start].clone()
    set_false := t.make_assign(t.make_ident(result_name), t.make_bool_literal(false))
    body_stmts << t.make_if(t.make_prefix(.not, t.make_paren(elem_eq)),
        t.make_block(arr1(set_false)), t.make_empty())
    t.pending_stmts << t.make_for_stmt(init,
        t.make_infix(.logical_and, t.make_ident(result_name), cond), post, body_stmts, flat.Node{})
    result := t.make_ident(result_name)
    t.a.nodes[int(result)].typ = 'bool'
    return result
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_map_elementwise_eq_call(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, map_type string, src flat.Node) flat.NodeId {
    return t.make_map_elementwise_eq_call_with_seen(lhs, rhs, map_type, src, []string{})
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_map_elementwise_eq_call_with_seen(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, map_type string, src flat.Node, seen []string) flat.NodeId {
    key_type, raw_value_type := t.map_type_parts(map_type)
    value_type := if t.is_fixed_array_type(raw_value_type) {
        t.resolved_fixed_array_canonical_type(raw_value_type)
    } else {
        raw_value_type
    }
    if key_type.len == 0 || value_type.len == 0 {
        return t.make_call_typed('v3_map_map_eq', arr2(lhs, rhs), 'bool')
    }
    lhs_value := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(lhs, map_type, 'map_eq_lhs')
    rhs_value := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(rhs, map_type, 'map_eq_rhs')
    result_name := t.new_temp('map_eq')
    zero_name := t.new_temp('map_eq_zero')
    key_name := t.new_temp('map_eq_key')
    lhs_val_name := t.new_temp('map_eq_val')
    len_eq := t.make_infix(.eq, t.make_selector(lhs_value, 'len', 'int'), t.make_selector(rhs_value,
        'len', 'int'))
    t.pending_stmts << t.make_decl_assign_typed(result_name, len_eq, 'bool')
    t.pending_stmts << t.make_decl_assign_typed(zero_name, t.zero_value_for_type(value_type),
        value_type)
    t.set_var_type(key_name, key_type)
    t.set_var_type(lhs_val_name, value_type)
    key_ident := t.make_ident(key_name)
    val_ident := t.make_ident(lhs_val_name)
    rhs_exists := t.make_map_exists_expr(rhs_value, map_type, key_name)
    rhs_val := t.make_map_get_expr(rhs_value, map_type, key_name, zero_name, value_type)
    pending_start := t.pending_stmts.len
    value_eq := t.make_membership_eq_expr_with_seen(t.make_ident(lhs_val_name), rhs_val,
        value_type, seen)
    mut body := t.pending_stmts[pending_start..].clone()
    t.pending_stmts = t.pending_stmts[..pending_start].clone()
    missing := t.make_prefix(.not, t.make_paren(rhs_exists))
    value_diff := t.make_prefix(.not, t.make_paren(value_eq))
    failed := t.make_infix(.logical_or, missing, value_diff)
    active := t.make_infix(.logical_and, t.make_ident(result_name), failed)
    set_false := t.make_assign(t.make_ident(result_name), t.make_bool_literal(false))
    body << t.make_if(active, t.make_block(arr1(set_false)), t.make_empty())
    start := t.a.children.len
    t.a.children << key_ident
    t.a.children << val_ident
    t.a.children << lhs_value
    for stmt in body {
        t.a.children << stmt
    }
    t.pending_stmts << t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:           .for_in_stmt
        children_start: start
        children_count: flat.child_count(3 + body.len)
        pos:            src.pos
        value:          '3'
    })
    result := t.make_ident(result_name)
    t.a.nodes[int(result)].typ = 'bool'
    return result
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_struct_field_eq_expr(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, struct_type string) ?flat.NodeId {
    return t.make_struct_field_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs, rhs, struct_type, []string{})
}

fn (mut t Transformer) make_struct_field_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs flat.NodeId, rhs flat.NodeId, struct_type string, seen []string) ?flat.NodeId {
    info := t.lookup_struct_info(struct_type) or { return none }
    mut next_seen := seen.clone()
    next_seen << struct_type
    mut eq := flat.empty_node
    for field in info.fields {
        field_type := if field.typ.len > 0 { field.typ } else { field.raw_typ }
        lhs_field := t.make_selector(lhs, field.name, field_type)
        rhs_field := t.make_selector(rhs, field.name, field_type)
        field_eq := if t.membership_type_is_pointer(field_type) {
            t.make_infix(.eq, lhs_field, rhs_field)
        } else {
            t.make_membership_eq_expr_with_seen(lhs_field, rhs_field, field_type, next_seen)
        }
        eq = if int(eq) < 0 { field_eq } else { t.make_infix(.logical_and, eq, field_eq) }
    }
    if int(eq) < 0 {
        return t.make_bool_literal(true)
    }
    return eq
}

// selector_field_type supports selector field type handling for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) selector_field_type(node flat.Node) string {
    if node.value.len == 0 {
        return ''
    }
    for _, info in t.structs {
        for field in info.fields {
            if field.name == node.value {
                return t.normalize_type_alias(field.typ)
            }
        }
    }
    return ''
}

// selector_array_elem_type supports selector array elem type handling for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) selector_array_elem_type(node flat.Node) string {
    if node.value.len == 0 {
        return ''
    }
    for _, info in t.structs {
        for field in info.fields {
            clean_typ := t.membership_container_type(field.typ)
            if field.name == node.value && clean_typ.starts_with('[]') {
                return t.normalize_type_alias(clean_typ[2..])
            }
        }
    }
    return ''
}

// membership_container_type supports membership container type handling for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) membership_container_type(typ string) string {
    mut clean := t.normalize_type_alias(typ).trim_space()
    for {
        if clean.starts_with('shared ') {
            clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
            continue
        }
        if clean.starts_with('&') {
            clean = clean[1..].trim_space()
            continue
        }
        if clean.starts_with('...') {
            clean = '[]' + clean[3..].trim_space()
            continue
        }
        break
    }
    return t.normalize_type_alias(clean)
}

fn (t &Transformer) membership_type_is_pointer(typ string) bool {
    mut clean := t.normalize_type_alias(typ).trim_space()
    for {
        if clean.starts_with('shared ') {
            clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
            continue
        }
        if clean.starts_with('mut ') {
            clean = clean[4..].trim_space()
            continue
        }
        break
    }
    return clean.starts_with('&')
}

fn (t &Transformer) equality_type_is_array_pointer(typ string) bool {
    mut clean := typ.trim_space()
    for clean.starts_with('shared ') {
        clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
    }
    if clean.starts_with('mut ') {
        return false
    }
    clean = t.normalize_type_alias(clean).trim_space()
    for clean.starts_with('shared ') {
        clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
    }
    if !clean.starts_with('&') {
        return false
    }
    container := t.membership_container_type(clean)
    return container.starts_with('[]') || container == 'array'
}

fn (t &Transformer) equality_expr_is_string_pointer(id flat.NodeId, typ string) bool {
    if int(id) < 0 || int(id) >= t.a.nodes.len {
        return false
    }
    node := t.a.nodes[int(id)]
    if node.kind in [.string_literal, .string_interp] {
        return false
    }
    mut clean := typ.trim_space()
    for clean.starts_with('shared ') {
        clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
    }
    if clean.starts_with('mut ') {
        return false
    }
    clean = t.normalize_type_alias(clean).trim_space()
    for clean.starts_with('shared ') {
        clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
    }
    return clean == '&string'
}

fn (t &Transformer) equality_type_is_map_pointer(typ string) bool {
    mut clean := typ.trim_space()
    for clean.starts_with('shared ') {
        clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
    }
    if clean.starts_with('mut ') {
        return false
    }
    clean = t.normalize_type_alias(clean).trim_space()
    for clean.starts_with('shared ') {
        clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
    }
    return clean.starts_with('&') && t.clean_map_type(clean).starts_with('map[')
}

// membership_container_is_pointer_array supports membership_container_is_pointer_array handling.
fn (t &Transformer) membership_container_is_pointer_array(typ string) bool {
    mut clean := t.normalize_type_alias(typ).trim_space()
    for clean.starts_with('shared ') {
        clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
    }
    if !clean.starts_with('&') {
        return false
    }
    clean = t.membership_container_type(clean)
    return clean.starts_with('[]') || clean == 'array'
}

// array_contains_fn_name reports whether array contains fn name applies in transform.
fn array_contains_fn_name(elem string) string {
    return match elem {
        'string' { 'array_contains_string' }
        'u8', 'byte' { 'array_contains_u8' }
        else { 'array_contains_int' }
    }
}

// fixed_array_contains_fn_name reports whether fixed array contains fn name applies in transform.
fn fixed_array_contains_fn_name(elem string) string {
    return match elem {
        'string' { 'fixed_array_contains_string' }
        'u8', 'byte' { 'fixed_array_contains_u8' }
        else { 'fixed_array_contains_int' }
    }
}

// stable_expr_for_reuse supports stable expr for reuse handling for Transformer.
fn (mut t Transformer) stable_expr_for_reuse(id flat.NodeId) flat.NodeId {
    expr := t.transform_expr(id)
    if t.is_stable_expr_for_reuse(expr) {
        return expr
    }
    tmp_name := t.new_temp('in_lhs')
    mut tmp_typ := t.node_type(expr)
    if tmp_typ.len == 0 {
        tmp_typ = t.node_type(id)
    }
    decl := t.make_decl_assign(tmp_name, expr)
    if tmp_typ.len > 0 {
        t.a.nodes[int(decl)].typ = tmp_typ
        t.set_var_type(tmp_name, tmp_typ)
    }
    t.pending_stmts << decl
    return t.make_ident(tmp_name)
}

// stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse
// supports helper handling in transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(expr flat.NodeId, typ string, prefix string) flat.NodeId {
    if t.is_stable_expr_for_reuse(expr) {
        return expr
    }
    tmp_name := t.new_temp(prefix)
    t.pending_stmts << t.make_decl_assign_typed(tmp_name, expr, typ)
    return t.make_ident(tmp_name)
}

// is_stable_expr_for_reuse reports whether is stable expr for reuse applies in transform.
fn (t &Transformer) is_stable_expr_for_reuse(id flat.NodeId) bool {
    if int(id) < 0 {
        return true
    }
    node := t.a.nodes[int(id)]
    return match node.kind {
        .ident, .int_literal, .float_literal, .bool_literal, .char_literal, .string_literal,
        .nil_literal, .none_expr, .enum_val, .sizeof_expr, .typeof_expr {
            true
        }
        .selector {
            node.children_count > 0 && t.is_stable_expr_for_reuse(t.a.children[node.children_start])
        }
        .field_init {
            node.children_count == 0
                || t.is_stable_expr_for_reuse(t.a.children[node.children_start])
        }
        .struct_init {
            mut stable := true
            for i in 0 .. node.children_count {
                if !t.is_stable_expr_for_reuse(t.a.child(&node, i)) {
                    stable = false
                    break
                }
            }
            stable
        }
        .cast_expr {
            node.children_count == 0
                || t.is_stable_expr_for_reuse(t.a.children[node.children_start])
        }
        .index {
            node.children_count >= 2
                && t.is_stable_expr_for_reuse(t.a.children[node.children_start])
                && t.is_stable_expr_for_reuse(t.a.children[node.children_start + 1])
        }
        else {
            false
        }
    }
}

// transform_fixed_array_len transforms transform fixed array len data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_fixed_array_len(_id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node) ?flat.NodeId {
    if node.value != 'len' || node.children_count == 0 {
        return none
    }
    base_id := t.a.children[node.children_start]
    base_type := t.node_type(base_id)
    if !t.is_fixed_array_type(base_type) {
        return none
    }
    return t.make_fixed_array_len_expr(base_type)
}

// clean_map_type transforms clean map type data for transform.
fn (t &Transformer) clean_map_type(typ string) string {
    mut clean := t.normalize_type_alias(typ).trim_space()
    for {
        if clean.starts_with('shared ') {
            clean = clean[7..].trim_space()
            continue
        }
        if clean.starts_with('&') {
            clean = clean[1..].trim_space()
            continue
        }
        break
    }
    return t.normalize_type_alias(clean)
}

// runtime_addr supports runtime addr handling for Transformer.
fn (mut t Transformer) runtime_addr(expr flat.NodeId, typ string) flat.NodeId {
    if typ.starts_with('&') {
        return expr
    }
    if !t.expr_can_take_address(expr) {
        stable := t.stable_transformed_expr_for_reuse(expr, typ, 'addr')
        return t.make_prefix(.amp, stable)
    }
    return t.make_prefix(.amp, expr)
}

// transform_enum_shorthand transforms transform enum shorthand data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) transform_enum_shorthand(id flat.NodeId, node flat.Node, expected_enum string) flat.NodeId {
    resolved_enum := t.enum_type_name_for_expected(expected_enum, '')
    if resolved_enum.len == 0 {
        return id
    }
    short_name := node.value.trim_left('.')
    if fields := t.enum_types[resolved_enum] {
        for f in fields {
            if f == short_name {
                return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
                    kind:  .enum_val
                    value: '${resolved_enum}.${short_name}'
                    typ:   resolved_enum
                })
            }
        }
    }
    return id
}

// enum_type_name_for_expected supports enum type name for expected handling for Transformer.
fn (t &Transformer) enum_type_name_for_expected(expected_enum string, owner_mod string) string {
    if expected_enum.len == 0 {
        return ''
    }
    mut clean := expected_enum
    if clean.starts_with('&') {
        clean = clean[1..]
    }
    if clean in t.enum_types {
        return clean
    }
    if clean.contains('.') {
        return ''
    }
    for mod_name in [owner_mod, t.cur_module] {
        if mod_name.len == 0 || mod_name == 'main' || mod_name == 'builtin' {
            continue
        }
        qname := '${mod_name}.${clean}'
        if qname in t.enum_types {
            return qname
        }
    }
    mut found := ''
    for enum_name, _ in t.enum_types {
        if enum_name.all_after_last('.') != clean {
            continue
        }
        if found.len > 0 && found != enum_name {
            return ''
        }
        found = enum_name
    }
    return found
}

// make_call builds make call data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_call(fn_name string, args []flat.NodeId) flat.NodeId {
    return t.make_call_typed(fn_name, args, '')
}

// make_call_typed builds make call typed data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_call_typed(fn_name string, args []flat.NodeId, typ string) flat.NodeId {
    fn_ident := t.make_ident(fn_name)
    return t.make_call_expr_typed(fn_ident, args, typ)
}

fn (mut t Transformer) mark_fn_used(fn_name string) {
    if fn_name.len == 0 || t.used_fns.len == 0 {
        return
    }
    t.used_fns[fn_name] = true
    t.used_fns[c_name(fn_name)] = true
}

// make_call_expr_typed builds make call expr typed data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_call_expr_typed(fn_expr flat.NodeId, args []flat.NodeId, typ string) flat.NodeId {
    start := t.a.children.len
    t.a.children << fn_expr
    for arg in args {
        t.a.children << arg
    }
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:           .call
        children_start: start
        children_count: flat.child_count(1 + args.len)
        typ:            typ
    })
}

// make_empty builds make empty data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_empty() flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add(.empty)
}

// make_method_call builds make method call data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_method_call(receiver flat.NodeId, method_name string, args []flat.NodeId) flat.NodeId {
    // Build selector: receiver.method_name
    sel_start := t.a.children.len
    t.a.children << receiver
    selector := t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:           .selector
        value:          method_name
        children_start: sel_start
        children_count: 1
    })

    start := t.a.children.len
    t.a.children << selector
    for arg in args {
        t.a.children << arg
    }
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:           .call
        children_start: start
        children_count: flat.child_count(1 + args.len)
    })
}

// make_selector builds make selector data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_selector(base flat.NodeId, field string, typ string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.make_selector_op(base, field, typ, .dot)
}

// make_selector_op builds make selector op data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_selector_op(base flat.NodeId, field string, typ string, op flat.Op) flat.NodeId {
    start := t.a.children.len
    t.a.children << base
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:           .selector
        op:             op
        children_start: start
        children_count: 1
        value:          field
        typ:            typ
    })
}

// make_index builds make index data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_index(base flat.NodeId, index flat.NodeId, typ string) flat.NodeId {
    start := t.a.children.len
    t.a.children << base
    t.a.children << index
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:           .index
        children_start: start
        children_count: 2
        typ:            typ
    })
}

// make_cast builds make cast data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_cast(target_type string, expr flat.NodeId, typ string) flat.NodeId {
    start := t.a.children.len
    t.a.children << expr
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:           .cast_expr
        children_start: start
        children_count: 1
        value:          target_type
        typ:            typ
    })
}

// make_postfix builds make postfix data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_postfix(expr flat.NodeId, op flat.Op) flat.NodeId {
    start := t.a.children.len
    t.a.children << expr
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:           .postfix
        op:             op
        children_start: start
        children_count: 1
    })
}

// make_struct_init builds make struct init data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_struct_init(name string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:  .struct_init
        value: name
        typ:   name
    })
}

// make_array_init builds make array init data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_array_init(elem_type string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:  .array_init
        value: elem_type
        typ:   '[]${elem_type}'
    })
}

// make_map_init builds make map init data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_map_init(map_type string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:  .map_init
        value: map_type
        typ:   map_type
    })
}

// make_string_literal builds make string literal data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_string_literal(value string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_val(.string_literal, value)
}

// make_int_literal builds make int literal data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_int_literal(value int) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_val(.int_literal, '${value}')
}

pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_int_literal_typed(value string, typ string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:  .int_literal
        value: value
        typ:   typ
    })
}

// make_float_literal builds make float literal data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_float_literal(value string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_val(.float_literal, value)
}

pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_float_literal_typed(value string, typ string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:  .float_literal
        value: value
        typ:   typ
    })
}

// make_bool_literal builds make bool literal data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_bool_literal(value bool) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_val(.bool_literal, if value { 'true' } else { 'false' })
}

// make_sizeof_type builds make sizeof type data for transform.
pub fn (mut t Transformer) make_sizeof_type(type_name string) flat.NodeId {
    return t.a.add_node(flat.Node{
        kind:  .sizeof_expr
        value: type_name
        typ:   'usize'
    })
}

// is_fixed_array_type reports whether a v-type string denotes a fixed array
// like `int[5]` (as opposed to a dynamic array `[]int` or a map `map[...]...`).
fn (t &Transformer) is_fixed_array_type(s string) bool {
    if s.starts_with('[]') || s.starts_with('map[') {
        return false
    }
    if s.starts_with('[') {
        return s.contains(']')
    }
    if !s.contains('[') || !s.ends_with(']') {
        return false
    }
    len_text := fixed_array_len_text(s)
    if is_decimal_text(len_text) {
        return true
    }
    // A postfix fixed-array name (`ArrayFixed.name()`) can carry a non-decimal length — a const
    // (`int[seg_count]`) or an expression (`int[segs + 1]`) — once the checker round-trips
    // `[n]int` to `int[n]`. Accept it when the bracket text resolves to an integer constant,
    // which distinguishes it from a generic instance (`vec.Vec4[f32]`, whose bracket is a type).
    if len_text.contains(',') || isnil(t.tc) {
        return false
    }
    return t.tc.const_int_value_in_module(len_text, t.cur_module, []string{}) != none
}

// fixed_array_len supports fixed array len handling for transform.
fn fixed_array_len(s string) int {
    return fixed_array_len_text(s).int()
}

// fixed_array_len_text supports fixed array len text handling for transform.
fn fixed_array_len_text(s string) string {
    if !s.starts_with('[') {
        _, dims := transform_postfix_fixed_array_parts(s)
        if dims.len > 0 {
            return dims[0]
        }
    }
    return s.all_after('[').all_before(']').trim_space()
}

// fixed_array_elem_type supports fixed array elem type handling for transform.
fn fixed_array_elem_type(s string) string {
    if s.starts_with('[') {
        return s.all_after(']')
    }
    elem, dims := transform_postfix_fixed_array_parts(s)
    if dims.len == 0 {
        return s.all_before('[')
    }
    mut out := elem
    for i := dims.len - 1; i > 0; i-- {
        out += '[${dims[i]}]'
    }
    return out
}

fn fixed_array_canonical_type(s string) string {
    if !s.starts_with('[') {
        return s
    }
    elem_type := fixed_array_canonical_type(fixed_array_elem_type(s))
    len_text := fixed_array_len_text(s)
    return '${elem_type}[${len_text}]'
}

fn (t &Transformer) resolved_fixed_array_canonical_type(s string) string {
    clean := fixed_array_canonical_type(s)
    if !t.is_fixed_array_type(clean) {
        return clean
    }
    elem_type := fixed_array_elem_type(clean)
    resolved_elem := if t.is_fixed_array_type(elem_type) {
        t.resolved_fixed_array_canonical_type(elem_type)
    } else {
        elem_type
    }
    len_text := fixed_array_len_text(clean)
    if is_decimal_text(len_text) || isnil(t.tc) {
        return '${resolved_elem}[${len_text}]'
    }
    if v := t.tc.const_int_value_in_module(len_text, t.cur_module, []string{}) {
        return '${resolved_elem}[${v}]'
    }
    return '${resolved_elem}[${len_text}]'
}

// is_decimal_text reports whether is decimal text applies in transform.
fn is_decimal_text(s string) bool {
    if s.len == 0 {
        return false
    }
    for ch in s {
        if ch < `0` || ch > `9` {
            return false
        }
    }
    return true
}

// make_fixed_array_len_expr builds make fixed array len expr data for transform.
fn (mut t Transformer) make_fixed_array_len_expr(s string) flat.NodeId {
    len_text := fixed_array_len_text(s)
    if is_decimal_text(len_text) {
        return t.make_int_literal(len_text.int())
    }
    // Fold a const length — a bare const (`SEGS`) or an expression (`segs + 1`) — to
    // its integer value. A fixed array's `.len` is a compile-time constant; emitting
    // the raw expression as an ident would c_name-mangle it into an undeclared
    // identifier such as `segs_+_1`.
    if !isnil(t.tc) {
        if v := t.tc.const_int_value_in_module(len_text, t.cur_module, []string{}) {
            return t.make_int_literal(v)
        }
    }
    if len_text.contains('.') {
        base := len_text.all_before_last('.')
        field := len_text.all_after_last('.')
        return t.make_selector(t.make_ident(base), field, 'int')
    }
    return t.make_ident(len_text)
}

const c_reserved_words = ['auto', 'break', 'case', 'char', 'const', 'continue', 'copy', 'default',
    'do', 'double', 'else', 'enum', 'extern', 'float', 'for', 'goto', 'if', 'inline', 'int', 'long',
    'register', 'restrict', 'return', 'short', 'signed', 'sizeof', 'static', 'struct', 'switch',
    'typedef', 'union', 'unsigned', 'void', 'volatile', 'while']

// c_name converts c name data for transform.
fn c_name(name string) string {
    if name.starts_with('C.') {
        return name[2..]
    }
    n := name.replace('[]', 'Array_').replace('.-', '__minus').replace('.+', '__plus').replace('.==',
        '__eq').replace('.!=', '__ne').replace('.<=', '__le').replace('.>=', '__ge').replace('.<',
        '__lt').replace('.>', '__gt').replace('.*', '__mul').replace('./', '__div').replace('.%',
        '__mod').replace('.&', '__and').replace('.|', '__or').replace('.^', '__xor').replace('.<<',
        '__left_shift').replace('.>>', '__right_shift').replace('&', 'ptr').replace('[', '_').replace(']', '').replace(',', '_').replace(' ', '_').replace('.', '__')
    if n in c_reserved_words {
        return 'v_${n}'
    }
    return n
}